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| (a) Diseases of Pre-parturition |
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| Defination: Pregnancy is a physiological condition in female for having an offspring in the uterus for development before birth. The common diseases to be occurred during pregnancy are given below- |
(i) Abortion
(ii) Dystokia
(iii) Prolapse of vagina
(iv) Disease Infection |
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| ABORTION |
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| Defination : It is an expulsion of the foetus from the womb before parturition either alive or dead. |
Causes : External injuries, malnutrition, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, deficiency of hormones and haemolytic diseases.
Symptoms : Bloody dischagre from vagina, restlessness, other symptoms of delivery and undeveloped or dead foetus comes out. |
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| DYSTOKIA OR DYSTOCIA |
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| Defination :It is difficulty during parturition due to some disturbance with the foetus that creates obstruction in coming out of the foetus |
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| Causes: |
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1. Malpresentation
2. Deformity of pelvic passage
3. Rigidity of cervix or os
4. Death of foetus |
| Symptoms :Restlessness. lies down and gets up, severe pain alnd delay in delivery. some parts of foetus as head and feet may be out but obstructed |
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| PROLAPSE OF VAGINA |
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| Defination : Sometimes the vagina is displaced and forced to come outside particularly in the pregnant animals. It may occur before and after the parturition mostly in the debilitated and calcium deficient animals |
| In some cases, the uterus is also displaced completely along with the vagina after parturition outside the body. |
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| Causes- |
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1. Nutritional and Calcium deficiency
2. Raised feeding trough ahead and down in back.
3. Injuries and accident.
4. Bad manipulation during Dystokia and retention of placenta.
5. Intense excitement, irritation and pressure of labour. |
| Symptoms :The prolapsed vagina looks like a mass and reddish in colour. If the uterus is also prolapsed, the protruded parts will be more. The surface of the mass or the mucous membrane looks moist and red or pink in colour. The cotyledons are seen deep red like mushroom eminences or like round nodes. It expands in the open air and there may be mild pain. The animal remains in distress and tries to lie down and to get up frequently. The mass is contaminated with dirt and dust etc and is lacerated by friction and dragging in course of sitting. There is great difficulty in sitting down and getting up and passing urine due to pressure or obstruction on urethra. The placenta may be formed adhered to the outer surface of the mass that can be easily recognised. The outer surface may be covered with the faeces that are passed during severe straining |
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| DISEASE INFECTION |
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Defination : The entrance of infective organisms into the genital tract causes pathological condtions resulting in decreased fertility in both males and females, e.g., Brucellosis, Vibriosis, Trichomoniasis, Epidicdymitis, Vaginitis etc. These organisms cause inflammation in the genital tract, Vaginits etc. These organisms cause inflammation in the genital tract. In brucellosis, orchitis (inflammation of testes) and vesicultis (inflammation of seminal vesicle) are commonly observed. In females, this infection often results in abortion and placenta is retained several times.
In case of vibriosis and trichomoniasis, the clinical symptoms are not obvious and no pathological changes in the genital tract are readily detected. The only symptoms commonly observed is frequent infertile services. The only symptoms commonly observed is frequent infertile services. The infection is transmitted during coitus. The oestrus cycles in the infected females are usually longer ranging from 30 to 40 days. There is undetected early embryonic death. Abortion also occurs during advanced stage of pregnancy but the incidence of such abortion is not high as brucellosis.
The infections of genital tract commonly occur during the calving time and after parturition.
The infections may cause vaginitis in the vagina, cervicitis in cervix, methritis and endometritis in uterus, salpingitis in fallopian tubes, oophoritis in ovaries. In many cases, this condition may occur with the contaminated hands and instrument used at the time of dystocia and retention of placenta.
These conditions, the vagina and cervix should be swabbed with the stock solution of lugol's solution prepared as below. It gives good result |
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| (b) DISEASE OF POST PARTURITION |
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| The post parturition diseases are give below- |
(i) Retention of placenta.
(ii) Metritis.
(iii) Prolapse of vagina and uterus.
(iv) Mastitis and allergic mastitis.
(v) Agalactia and artificial induction of lactation in virgin goats.
maiden heifers and dry cows.
(vi) Navel-ill or joint ill.
(vii) Umbilical hernia.
(viii) Deficiency diseases, e.g. milk fever, ketosis, lactation, tetany
(ix) Parturient eclampsia |
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| (i) RETENTION OF PLACENTA |
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Defination: Retention of placenta is a delay or detention in expulsion of the foetal membrane after parturition, i.e. not expelled within normal time. Normally, the time of expulsion depends upon the species and individuals, e.g., within 1/2 to 6-8 hours in cows, about half an hour in mares and immediately after birth or along with the foetus in ewes, bitches, sows and cats. The retention of placenta is the commonest in the cow. If it is retained for longer period, it gives harmful effects to the as it starts decomposing.
The placenta is a covering membrane, i.e. foetal membrane in the womb by which the foetus is nourished. At birth, it helps in dilation of the cervix of the uterus and genital passages, forms a part of the `waterbag' and lubricates the maternal passages on brusting. It is a source oif hormones which may stimulate milk production. The owner should be careful at the time of delivery for the placenta as it is eaten by the cow, mare, bitch, sow and cat. |
| Symptoms: A portion of the placenta my or may not be visible hanging from the lips of the vulva. There may be an offensive chocolate coloured discharge from the vagina soiling the hind parts and tail of the cow. Freuently she switches her tail and paddles with the hind legs. She stands with her back arched. The foul smelling discharge may be accompanied with some pieces of ecomposed membrane passing out from the vagina at intervals. There may be inflammation of uterus, i.e., metritis. Its toxin may spread to other parts of the body. There may be fever, reduction in milk yield, dullness and loss of appetite. The animal may be sterile. |
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| (ii) METRITIS |
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| Defination : It is an inflammation of the uterus with fever and dirty sticky or pus like discharges from the vagina. It occurs after parturition. It may be limited to the local tissues or may evolve other portion of the genital tract causing as follows |
Endometritis : is an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the uterus.
Pyometra : is the accumulation of pus within the uterine vavity. In some cases, its collection becomes so great that causes considerable distention of the uterus.
Salpingitis : is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
Ovaritis : is an inflammation of the ovaries.
Cervicitis : is an inflammatory condition localised in the cervix.
Vaginitis : is an inflammation of the vagina. |
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| Causes : |
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1. External injuries or maniplation of the uterus during retention of placenta or foetus.
2. Bacterial infection., e.g. Staphylococci, Coryne Bacteria Pyogenus, Mycotuberculosis etc.
3. Protozoa e.g. Trichomonus Foetus.
4. Dystokia or Retention of placenta
5. Entrance of infection through cervix after parturition.
6. Hormonal disturbances as seen in bitches |
Symptom : It may be acute or chronic.
In Acute cases of Cow-Rumination suspended, appetite lost, reduction in milk yield, high temperature up to 108°F, the lips of the vulva swollen and painful to touch, the mucous membrane of the vagina highly congested and inflammed. Frequent attempts of micturition and dirty bloodish discharge from the vagina.
In chronic cases: Some symptoms of acute subside, light fever, milk yield does not continue. apparently no or little swelling and pain, dirty putrid smelling or pus like discharge from the vagina. It may be followed by recovery but often result in sterility. In some cases death may result from pyaemia, septicaemia or toxaemia |
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| (iii)PROLAPSE OR VAGINA AND UTERUS |
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| Defination : Sometimes the vagina is displaced and forced to come outside particularly in the pregnant animals. It may occur before and after the parturition mostly in the debilitated and calcium deficient animals. |
| In some cases, the uterus is also displaced completely along with the vagina after parturition outside the body |
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| Causes- |
1. Nutritional and Calcium deficiency
2. Raised feeding trough ahead and down in back.
3. Injuries and accident.
4. Bad manipulation during Dystokia and retention of placenta.
5. Intense excitement, irritation and pressure of labour.> |
| Symptoms :The prolapsed vagina looks like a mass and reddish in colour. If the uterus is also prolapsed, the protruded parts will be more. The surface of the mass or the mucous membrane looks moist and red or pink in colour. The cotyledons are seen deep red like mushroom eminences or like round nodes. It expands in the open air and there may be mild pain. The animal remains in distress and tries to lie down and to get up frequently. The mass is contaminated with dirt and dust etc and is lacerated by friction and dragging in course of sitting. There is great difficulty in sitting down and getting up and passing urine due to pressure or obstruction on urethra. The placenta may be formed adhered to the outer surface of the mass that can be easily recognised. The outer surface may be covered with the faeces that are passed during severe straining. |
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