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| DIARRHOEA |
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| Defination : It is a condition in which liquid faeces is passed frequently without constitutional disturbance. It indicates something wrong with intestines or depressing influence in the intestines. It is itself not a disease but merely a symptom of some disease. |
Causes : As enteritis, sudden change of diet, mouldy, rancid or fermenting material etc.
Symptoms: Frequent passing of liquid stool. Sometimes blood stained. Dull, depressed and mild abdominal pain. Ordinarily there is no temperature but high temperature in specific diseases. The continuous diarrhoea is serious because absorption of nutrients is impaired and loss of fluid gives rise to dehydration. If the treatment is not undertaken in time, there is often death.
The laboratory examination of faeces will reveal the causing agent |
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| DYSENTERY |
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Defination : It is a condition in which liquid consistency of faeces is discharged with blood and mucous at frequent intervals accomplanied by pain and tenesmus.
Causes : It is mostly associated with some specific diseases e.g. Haemorrhagic septicaemic, Anthrax, Rinder pest, coccidiosis Amoebiasis, ulceration and inflammation or rupture of blood vessels of intestines etc.
Symptoms : Discharge of liquid stool with blood and mucous at ferquent intervals and straining during defecation. The blood may be fresh or back in colour. Appetite decreased but not off feed. Pain in abdomen due to pressure on belly. The temperature may be elevated or high in specific diseases. The animal becomes weak, dull and depressed. In severe continuous conditions, there is dehydration and anaemia. If the treatment is not undertaken in time, it causes fatal. |
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| ENTERITIS
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| Defination: It is the inflammation of intestines. The intestines comprises of various parts and the inflammation of each has separate terminology e.g. |
(a) Duodenum Duodenitis
(b) Ileum Ileitis
(c) Caecum Typhilitis
(d) Colon Colitis
(e) Reetum Proctitis. |
| Enteritis may be either specific or non-specific nature. It is common in all animals |
i) Specific Nature : It occurs in specific diseases with specific causes e.g. Rinder pest, foot and mouth disease. johne's disease, tuberculosis, lamb dysentery swine fever etc.
(ii) Non-specifitc Nature : It resembles to those conditions which are found frequently in gastritis. Thus, the combined conditions of gastritis and non-specific nature are called Gastor-Enteritis. |
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| Causes: |
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1. Succulent green fodder or frosty food or cold.
2. Irritants-e.g. foreign bodies, poisonous plants, grasses and vegetables etc.
3. Poisons-e.g. Arsenic. Lead, mercury etc.
4. Bacterial disease e.g. H.s anthrax, Braxy, Johne's diseases, salmonellosis, lamb dysentry, white scoute, swine erysipelas etc.
5. Viral diseases-e.g. Rinder pest, foot and mouth disease, Distemper, swine fever etc.
6. Parasites and protozoa e.g. flukes, Haemonchus, ostertegia, Gastrophilus, Ascardiae, coccidae, amoeba etc.
Symptoms - Diarrhoea and dysentery, dehydration in serious condition and absorption disturbed due to less chemical changes.
In Cattle - There is persistent diarrhoea with progressive anaemia, faeces thin and watery often blood stained, variable temperature, high temperature in specific diseases, no temperature in parasitic and poisoning cases, progressive wasting in prolonged cases, rapidly fatal suspects malicious poisoning.
In Horse - Dullness with continuous abdominal pain manufested by restlessness, constipation in beginning but later on followed by diarrhoea, pulse small and hard, respiration not interfered, mucous membranes congested, condition due to parasites usually appear during autumn, winter and early spring and is serious for young colts, faeces often thin, watery with offensive odour, abdomen slightly pendulous and oedema of the dependent parts. In delayed conditions, it may prove fatal due to excessive loss of power and anaemia.
In Dogs - Frequent passing of watery stool with offensive smelling, intermitent vomitting, high temperature in specific diseases, convalescence in puppies may be seen |
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| RINDER PEST OR CATTLE PLAGUE |
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| Definition : It is highly contagious and febrile disease of ruminants and swine and characterised by sudden onset. high fever and ulcerative inflammation of mucous membranes of the mouth and gastro-intestinal tract. It occurs in cloven i.e. split or dividid footed animals such as cattle. buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs and wild ruminants. The indigenous cattle runs a mild course with 20 to 50° mortality whereas foreign breeds are more susceptible with more than 90°F mortality. |
| In some cases, the uterus is also displaced completely along with the vagina after parturition outside the body. |
Etiology : It is caused by Morbilli viruses. The virus is found in all secretions and excretions of infected animals such as the saliva, dischrges from eyes and nostrils, urine and faeces. It remains present in the circulating blood during the febrile stage of the disease and is later concentrated in the different organs. Outside the animal body, the virus is rapidly destroyed by direct sunlight and disinfectants.
The disease usually spreads through contaminated materials as feeds, water, utensils, clothing, hides, etc and attendants. It may also spread through air, contaminated infective discharges, faeces and urine.
The incubation period of the disease varies from 3 to 9 days. About 4 to 6 days of invasion the symptoms of the disease develop.
Symptoms:The first noticeable signs are sudden onset, rapid course, considerable number of animals affected, pyrexia, rise of temperature 104° to 108°F, suspended rumination, loss of appetite, dullness, depression, great thirst, mouth hot, buccal mucous membranes congested and red, slight colic, arching of the back and spasmodic twitching and the dung usually covered with mucous.
Later on, red spots like pin points and greyish-white nodular elevations are usually seen on the gum, hard palate, tongue, inside the lips and cheeks, pharynx is congested, salivation, conjunctivitis, a mucopurulent discharge from eyes and nostrils. The spots and elevations enlarge and coalesce to form ulcers wiht round raised edges and a depression covered with bran-like deposits. The removal of superficial deposits leaves bright red erosions.
Similar lesions also develop in the abomasum and throughout the intestines. Purging now sets in like shooting diarrhoea. The faeces like rotten fish. The rectal mucous membrane become congested and swollen due to constant diarrhoea and may get everted. The anal region is soiled with blood stained fotid faeces. The animal lies down with head turned towards the flank.
In some cases, the skin of udder and hairless space, over the neck and shoulder, under surface of the belly land inner side of thigh etc become covered with scabes, scales and sores.
In milch animals, milk yield is reduced and pregnant animals usually abort.
The animal loses the condition rapidly and becomes weak, emaciated and exhausted due to anorexia, fever and severe diarrhoea. Death may result in 6 to 10 days from the onset of the symptoms.
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